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SF 258 )_ 5 ^ 

.N5 C4 
Copy 1 

EEPOET 



QUALITY OF THE MILK SUPPLY 



METROPOLITAN DISTRICT. 



10 



cVf. chandler, ph. t>., 



BY 



PROFESSOR or ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY, SCHOOL OF ]\aNES, COLUMBIA COLLEGE. 



lEXTBACT FROM THE FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE METROPOLITAN 
BOARD OF HEALTH.] 



NEW Y^ORK: 

D . A P P L E T N & COMPANY, 

90, 93 & 94 GRAND STREET. 

1870. 



), 92 & 



CiA 




4 



^ 



xfc 



^- 






REPOKT ON THE QUALITY OF THE MILK-SUPPLY 
DURING THE YEAR 1869. 

Colonel Emmons Clark, Secretary of the Metropolitan Board of Health. 

Sir : The investigations witli regard to the quality of the milk-supply in the 
Metropolitan District, which were undertaken at the suggestion of Dr. Harris, 
the Sanitary Superintendent, have been continued during the past year, and I 
announce with great satisfaction that thus far no adulterant has been detected 
except water. 

I.— PUEE MILK. 

Milk consists of water holding in solution casein or cheese, lactine or sugar 
of milk, and various alkaline and earthy salts ; and in suspension, fatty matter, 
butter, in the form of myriads of semi-opaque globules, to which the color and 
opacity of milk are due. 

1. TJie Average Composition of Pure Milk, according to Dr. Letheby, is : 

Water 86.00 

Butter 3.90 

Casein 4.10 

Sugar 5.20 

Salts 0.80 

100.00 • 
2. Complete Analysis of Milk hy Haidlen. 

Water 87.30 

Butter 3.00 

Casein 4.82 

Sugar 4.39 

Phosphate of Lime 0.230 

Phosphate of Magnesia 0.042 

Phosphate of Iron O.OOY 

Chloride of Potassium 0.144 

Chloride of Sodium 0.024 

Soda, combined with Casein 0.042 



100.00 



The specific gravity varies from 1.033 to 1.033, pure water being 1.000 
The reaction is generally faintly alkaline. 

The composition of milk is, however, affected by a variety of circumstances, 



as the breed of the cow, her age, the age of her calf, nature of her food, time of 
milking, frequency of milking ; and it is even found that the last milk which 
comes down at a milking is richer in butter than that which is first drawn. 
This last-mentioned fact shows that the custom whicb prevails in some localities 
of driving the cow from bouse to house, and supplying the consumer with milk 
fresh from the udders is not quite equitable, as the last person supplied receives 
a richer milk than is given to the first customer. 

The following analyses illustrate these statements : 

3. Milk from Different Breeds of Cows. Analyses by Vernois et Becquerel. 



Breed. 



Angus 

Belgian— Durham 

Bohemian 

Bretonne 

Charollais 

Durham, two analyses. 

Flamande 

Dutch, three analyses. 

Murzthal 

Normandy 

Paris, thirty analyses. . 

Swiss 

Tyrol 

Voigtland 



Average, 46 analyses . 



Water. 



80.32 
85.77 
84.18 
83.74 
85.28 
84.56 
88.30 
83.97 
85.31 
87.18 
86.40 
85.19 
81.74 
84.99 



85.76 



Butter. 



9.88 
6.22 
6.34 
5.70 
6.42 
6.41 
8.72 
6.84 
6.28 
3.24 
3.61 
7.08 
7.96 
5.14 



4.51 



Casein. 



5.28 
4.06 
3.87 
5.37 
4.12 
4.37 
3.37 
4.21 
3.14 
4.76 
5.21 
2.55 
4.95 
4.56 



Sugar. 



3.73 
3.29 
4.96 
4.55 
3.49 
3.97 
4.03 
4.aj 
4.62 
4.21 
4.10 
4.59 
4.83 
4.62 



4.15 



Salts. 



0.72 
0.67 
0.64 
0.62 
0.68 
0.68 
0.54 
0.61 
0.64 
0.60 
0.66 
0.56 
0.50 
0.68 



0.65 



t. Effect of Food on tho. Quality of Milk. Analyses by Chevalier. 

Carrots. Beets. 

Water 86.67 86.87 

Butter 3.08 3.75 

Casein 4.20 3.75 

Sugar 5.30 5.95 

Salts 0.75 0.68 



100.00 100.00 

Difference in Morning and Eveniny Milk. Averages of many Analyses by 

Alex. Midler. 

Morning. Evening. 

Water 87.43 86.87 

Butter 3.77 4.32 

Casein 3.40 3.44 

Sugar 4.67 4.66 

Salts 0.73 0.71 



100.00 



100.00 

Methods of Analysis. 

1. The water is determined by evaporating a weighed quantity of milk, 
either alone or soaked up in a knowu weight of pure, fine quartz sand. The 
residue is carefully dried at 212° F., and weighed. The loss in weight repre- 
sents the water, while the residue includes all the solid constituents. 

2. The salts are determined by carefully .burning ofi"the combustible portion 



of the solid residue obtained by evaporation, and weighing the incombustible 
ash. 

3. The butter and casein are determined by coagulating the milk with a few 
drops of acetic acid, boiling, washing the precipitate with water, and finally 
separating the butter with ether, leaving the casein pure. On evaporating the 
ether, the butter is left behind, or the butter may be extracted by ether from 
the residue obtained by the evaporation of a quantity of milk, soaked up in 
sand. 

4. The sugar is generally determined l)y deducting the sum of the other 
constituents from 100. It may be directly determined by the polariscope, after 
the removal of the casein and butter, or it may be determined by an alkaline 
solution of copper. 

II.— THE ADULTERATION OF MILK. 

Numerous substances are mentioned as having been used, or as supposed to 
be used, for adulterating milk. Prominent among these are : 

1. Water. — Adulteration with this substance is generally detected by the 
specific gravity of the milk. Pure milk varies in specific gravity from 1.023 to 
1.034, water being represented by 1.000. Milk is heavier than water, on ac- 
count of the casein, sugar, and salts, which it holds in solution. Butter, on the 
other hand, is lighter than water, therefore the specific gravity of milk increases 
with the percentage of casein, sugar, and salts, while it diminishes with the per- 
centages of water or butter. It is found that good milk generally has a specific 
gravity of from 1.029 to 1.032. In testing milk the lower number is selected 
as a fair gravity for pure milk ; and whenever the gravity falls below this num- 
ber the milk may be considered as containing an excess of water, and conse- 
quently poor in quality or adulterated. An instrument, called a galactometer, 
has been devised by Dinocourt, for the purpose of testing the quality of milk. 
It is simply an areometer, so graduated that 100 on the scale represents pure 
milk, or the gravity 1.029, while represents pure water or gravity 1.000, the 
space between being divided into 100 parts. The numbers on the scale repre- 
sent, therefore, the percentages of pure milk. 

Skimmed milk, having been deprived of most of its butter, is heavier than 
whole milk. By skimming the milk before testing it with the galactometer, 
the error caused by the butter is eliminated. In this case, however, the mark 
for 100, or "^pure milk, must be placed lower down on the instrument, as pure 
milk, liaving a specific gravity of 1.029, would after being skinnned, have a 
gravity of about 1.033, The 100° mark for skimmed milk is, therefore, fixed 
at this point. 

The lactometer is a simple tube closed at the lower end, and graduated in 
hundredths. It is designed to measui'c the quantity of cream which rises on 
the milk. 

By using the two instruments together, the f/alacto?neter aud the lactometer, 
very satisfactoiy conclusions with regard to the quality of milk can be formed. 
A perfectly reliable method, though more laborious, is to actually determine the 
percentage of water in the milk, by evaporating a weighed quantity, and care- 
fully drying the residue at 212° F. If a milk loses more than 88 per cent, of 



6 

water, having less than 12 per cent, of solids, it may be safely pronounced to be 
adulterated with water, 

2. Chalk. — This substance is generally supposed to be extensively used to 
neutralize the acidity in soured milk, and to produce thickness and opacity, 
thus concealing dilution with water. It is easily detected, as it is deposited on 
standing, and can then be recognized by its effervescing with dilute acids. I 
have never detected it in any sample of milk examined. Its presence would 
also be shown in a milk analysis, by the unusual amount of ash. 

3. Flour, starch, emulsions of almonds, or hemp-seed, etc., are said to be 
used to thicken milk, and neutralize the blue color caused by dilution. They 
were not found in any of our samples. 

4. Sugar, gum, dextrin and borax, to increase specific gravity. 

5. Turmeric and annatto, to hide the blue color. 

6. Cerebral matter, shee'p's brains, to thicken watered milk, easily de- 
tected by the microscope, and by its depositing a peculiar white sediment on 
standing. 

7. Carbonate or bicarbonate of soda, to neutralize acidity. Detected by 
the increase in the quantity of ash, or better by the effervescence of the ash 
with acids. 

III.— THE MILK SUPPLIED TO CONSUMERS IN THE METROPOLITAN DISTRICT 

Two hundred and ninety-seven specimens of the milk supplied to consumers 
in the Metropolitan District have been submitted to chemical examination. Of 
these forty-five were seized while undergoing the process of dilution with water, 
two hundred and forty-five were purchased from the retail dealers, and seven 
were procured at one of the crowded cow-stables in Brooklyn. 

First Series of Analyses. — In the latter part of February, some milkmen 
were detected in the act of pouring a suspicious fluid, contained in milk-cans, 
into their milk. They were at once arrested, and taken, with their cans, about 
fiftv in number, to police headquarters. Samples from forty-five of the cans, 
which were placed in my hands for examination, gave the following results: 

Two cans contained water, not any too pure. 

Two cans contained water, clouded with a little milk, probably from having 
been pumped into cans which had contained milk. 

Four cans contained water to which considerable milk had been added, the 
specific gravity varying from 1.010 to 1.017, representing by the galactometer 
from 37 to 60 per cent, of milk. 

Nineteen cans contained milk, to which considerable water had been added, 
the specific gravity varying from 1.023 to 1.028, representing from 80 to 97 
per cent, of milk. 

Eighteen cans contained pure milk, varying in specific gravity from 1.029 
to 1.030. 

None of the samples contained any adulterant save water. The large pro- 
portion of pure milk is accounted for by the fact that the work of dilution Avas 
interrupted by the police. 

Second Series of Analyses. — During the months of June and July a system- 
atic examination of milk was organized, the samples being purchased from re- 



tail dealers in various portions of the Metropolitan District. Two hundred and 
ten samples were analyzed, the following determinations being made in each 
case : 

1. The specific gravity. 

2. The percentage of pure milk as shown by the galactometer. 

3. The percentage of water. 

4. The percentage of solid matter, including butter, casein, sugar of milk, 
saline constituents, etc. 

5. Examination for adulterations. 

The results are herewith presented in tabular form, and from them we learn 
the following facts : 

1. The specific gravity varies from 1.010 to 1.032, averaging 1.0208. 

2. The percentage of pure milk, as shown by the galactometer, ranges from 
37 to 110, averaging 12^. 

3. The iiercentage of water varies from 83.57 to 94.17, averaging 89.89. 

4. The percentage of solid constituents, the nutritive portion of the milk, 
varies from 5.83 to 16.43 per cent., averaging 10.11 

5. No adulteration was found in a single instance, save water. 

Table I.— Milk Examinations during June and July, 1869. 



DEALER. 


ADDRESS. 


o 


oi 

II 

go 


u 
[^ bo 

«« 
gS 


MS 




497 Pearl Street 






87.79 

90.14 

82.42 

88.80 

88.12 

91.18 

89.68 

88.33 

89.00 

88.11 

87.84 

89.41 

86.17 

85.22 

86.71 

82.97 

88.72 

88.38 

89.41 

90.09 

87.73 

90.15 

90.81 

88.26 

88.76 

89.01 

88.43 

89.11 

90.89 

88.85 

89.51 

89.13 

85.55 

87.79 

87.81 

88.78 

88.36 

89.89 


12.21 




14 Franklin 


1.029 
1.029 
1.032 
1.029 
1.020 
1.025 
1.025 
1.020 
1.020 
1.025 
1.025 
1.025 
1.025 
1.022 
1.022 
1.025 
1.025 
1.025 
1.020 
1.026 
1.025 
1.018 
1.020 
1.022 
1.025 
1.026 
1.020 
1.025 
1.020 
1.023 
1.023 
1.025 
1.025 
1.025 
1.025 
1.027 
1.022 


98 
98 

106 
98 
70 
86 
86 
70 
70 
86 
86 
86 
86 
76 
76 
86 
86 
86 
70 
90 
86 
63 
70 

76 

86 

90 

70 

86 

70 

80 

80 

86 

86 

86 

86. 

93 

76 


9.86 


D. & A. Boseke 


61 Baxter 


17.58 




13Mott 


11.10 




71 Park Place 


11.88 


Wm. Moller & Son. 


524 Pearl 


8.82 


C.A.Emmet 


21 Mott 


10.32 


Daniel Sulliran. . 


67 Park Street 


11.67 


D. Driscoll 


24 City Hall Place 


11.00 


Mrs. Horsey 


136 Leonard 


11.89 




119 Mulberry 


12.16 


J.J. Geaby ... 


22 Mulberry 


10.59 




13.83 


J. Dellart 


40Eldridge 


14.78 


J. Seeldy 


36 Park 


13.29 


McS wyny 


497 Pearl 


17.03 


A. Knauer 




11.28 


C. W. Dainty 


234 Worth 


11.62 


H.Pentz 


119 Baxter 


10.59 


A. Horr 


263 Rivington 


9.91 


J. F. McDowell 


92 Henry 


12.28 


F. McKenne 


34 Pitt 


9.85 


J. McKulloch. 


Laurel Hill 


9.19 




72 Garrick 


11.74 


J. McDonald 


103 Broome 


11.24 




169 Allen 


10.99 


J. Wittman 


131 E. Houston 


11.58 


J. Watjen 


34 2d Avenue 


10.89 


W. Doyle 


79 Ludlow 


9.11 




51 Ludlow 


11.15 




106 Allen 


10.49 


J M Oest & Co. 


16 2d Avenue 


10.88 


Peter Fick 


230 6th Avenue 


14.45 


D F Reck 


113 W. 10th 


12.21 


F. H. Rohers 


58 6th Avenue 

18 6th Avenue 


12.29 


H Pielke 


11.22 




4 6th Avenue 


11.64 


D. Hopmaun 


22 Minetta Lane 


10.11 , 



Milk Examinations — ( Continued). 



DEALER. 


ADDEESS. 


a 

a 

o 

!g 
O 

m 


SI 

og 
P 

F 


u 
S. M 

§■-3 
a >> 


P55o 
Eh 




26th Street and Tth Avenue. . 
257 7th Avenue 


1.027 
1.025 


93 

86 


89.26 
87.93 
87.43 
87.46 
88.28 
88.43 
87.63 
87.57 
88.43 
89.18 
89.27 
90.14 
90.37 
86.27 
83.57 
88.90 
87.22 
87.78 


10.74 




12.07 




ISO 7th Avenue 


12.57 


J. ilcCrady 




1.025 
1.025 
1.025 
1.028 
1.025 
1.024 
1.022 
1.020 
1.020 
1.023 
1.027 
1.025 
1.020 
1.025 
1.024 
1.012 
1.025 
1.020 
1.023 
1.025 
1.027 
1.025 
1.023 
1.020 
1.022 
1.027 
1.019 
1.022 
1.020 
1.02:3 
1.018 
1.018 
1.025 
1.018 
1.025 
1.025 
1.020 
1.012 
1.017 
1.018 
1.018 
1.023 
1.013 
1.014 
1.015 
1.021 
1.017 
1.0.31 
1.0i4 
1.015 
1.022 
1.010 
1.023 
1.021 
1.017 
1.016 
1.020 
1.017 
1.020 
1.020 
1.015 
1.020 
1.020 
1.019 
1.023 
1.015 
1.015 
1.018 
1.015 
1.017 
1.015 
1.018 


86 
86 
86 
96 
86 
83 
76 
70 
70 
80 
93 
86 
70 
86 
83 
44 
86 
70 
80 
86 
93 
86 
80 
70 
76 
93 
66 
76 
70 
80 
63 
63 
86 
63 
86 
86 
70 
44 
60 
63 
63 
80 
47 
50 
53 
73 
60 

ia3 

83 
53 
76 
56 
80 
73 
60 
56 
70 
60 
70 
70 
53 
70 
70 
66 
80 
53 
53 
63 
53 
60 
53 
63 


12.54 


21 7th Avenue 


11.72 




37 Greenwich Avenue 

10.5 11th Avenue 


11. .57 




12.37 


J W Steiubeck 


63d Street and 2d Avenue. . . . 
337 54th Street 


13.43 


Block & Co . • 


11.58 




1024 2d Avenue 


10.83 




1008 2d Avenue 


10.73 




Astoria 


9.86 




233 E. 5.3d Street 


9.63 




45th Street and Madison Ave. 
46th Street and 4th Avenue. . 
338 E. .58th Street 


13.73 




16.43 


H Hallan 


11.10 




207 E. 36th Street 


12.78 




589 2d Avenue 


12.22 




6l8t Street near 2d Avenue. . 
57th Street near 5th Avenue. 
57th Street and 7th Avenue. . 
813 7th Avenue 












88.27 
88.90 
88.27 
88.64 
89.60 
88.10 
90.25 
89.62 
88.74 
91.25 
88.98 
90.85 
89.36 
90.02 
90.82 
88.47 
92.04 
88.33 
88.79 
89.73 
93.25 
90.31 
90.70 
91.00 
91.54 
92.26 
91.41 
92.32 
91.07 
91.16 
85.47 
90.23 
92..39 
89.92 
91.61 
89.73 
91.03 
91.47 
91.99 
91..36 
90.58 
90.60 
90.21 
91.64 
90.29 
90.43 
90..54 
90.70 
91.73 
92.09 
90.80 
91.93 
91.20 
92.03 
93.08 


11.73 




11.10 


]yiillg 


790 7th Avenue 


11.73 




412 W. .50th Street 


11.36 




824 2d Avenue 


10.40 




863 2d Avenae 


11.90 




765 2d Avenue 


9.75 




681 2d Avenue 


10.38 




648 2d Avenue 


11.26 




82 7th Avenue 


8.75 




189 7th Avenue 


11.03 


V L Hulle 


721 9lh Avenue 


9.15 


P. Brahnburg 


683 9th Avenue 


10.64 


628 9th Avenue 


9.98 




558 9th Avenue 

469 9th Avenue 


9.18 




11.53 




315 9th Avenue 


7.96 




183 9th Avenue 


11.67 




2 9th Avenue 


11.21 




518 10th Avenue 


10.27 


Fi^^ht 


500 10th Avenue 


6.75 




368 10th Avenue 


9.69 




327 10th Avenue 


9.30 




263 10th Avenue 


9.00 




242 10th Avenue 


8.46 


J. O. Sullivan 


1.53 10th Avenue 


7.74 


770 Greenwich 


8.59 




744 11th Avenue 


7.68 




673 4th Avenue 

609 10th Avenue 


8.93 




8.84 




517 10th Avenue 


14.53 




422 10th Avenue 


9.78 




153 10th Avenue 


7.61 




118 9th Avenue 


10.08 




160 8th Avenue 


8.39 


John Maurer 


997 Ist Avenue 


10.27 


839 1st Avenue 


8.98 


jj Rick 


815 1st Avenue 


8.53 




547 Ist Aveniie 


8.01 




445 1st Avenue 


8.64 




429 1st Avenue 


9.42 




.383 1st Avenue 


9.40 




319 1st Avenue 


9.79 




222 1st Avenue 


836 




201 1st Avenue 


9.71 




146 1st Avenue 


9.57 




115 1st Avenue 


9.46 


A Schulz 


96 1st Avenue 


9.30 




60 1st Avenue 


8.28 




26 Ist Avenue 


7.91 


A Schulte. 




9.20 


John Thiel 


207 Avenue A 


8.07 






8.80 






7.97 


John Hoopner 


41 Avenue A 


6.92 



M'ilh Exam ina tions — ( Con t inu ed) . 



DEALER. 



H. &P. Then.... 

Mrs. Surman 

Henry Bartell 

Behyl 

Meyer & Co 

r Corkersburg. 

Christ. SDes 

Peter Baker 

P. Ahleim 

John Ricken , 



Riese & Brother 

Will. Barkler 

J. Cabbengcr 

John Holsten 

Peter Kooney 

H. Kinkau 

F. Brohel , 

A. Moeller 

P. Schmidt 

OttoH. Coop 

Will. Kat^iu 

H. Deveuder 

L. Balor 

C.Fisher 

J. G. Gerdes 

D. H. Schulz 

G. E. Wehmann 

H. F. Cordes 

H. Tiencheu 

II. F. Newman 

Ph. Fewring , 

W. Smith 

P. Intemann 

Newrenberg 

L. Walker 

D. Stowesand 

Wisschusen 

John Moss 

J. Balch 

M. Hertily 

J. P. Koplic 

C. Maerbeck 

P. Plyun 

G. F. Broggensen . . . 

J. McDonald 

Wette 

D. McCarthey 

K. E. Euright 

J. H. Geptzen 

M. Henken 

M. Kelly 

Michael Landy 

Michael O'Connor. . . 

Philip Shelau 

Mrs. Pritching 

Jaggart 

J. M. Oest 

A. Spielmann 

C. Wolfart 

D. Leopold 

A. Kneble 

J. C. Reisen 

L. Remehardt 

Patrick O'Connor 

J. Pentar 

J. Haukam p 

E. Wehrenberg 

P. W. Sanders & Co. 

C. F. Wilken 

J. Priede 

Peter Peterson 

F. Fippinger 

J. Beek. 



ADDRESS. 




22 Avenue A 

175Suftolk 

16 Suffolk 

166 Avenue B 

94 Avenue B 

64 Avenne B 

32 Avenue B 

11 Avenue B 

203 Avenue C 

174 Avenue C 

107 Avenue C 

69 Avenue C 

14 Avenue C 

6 Avenue C 

79 Pitt 

54 Pitt 

74 Avenue D 

22 Avenue D 

16 Avenue D 

101 Columbia 

74 Columbia 

365 3d Avenue 

245 3d Avenue 

415 3d Avenue 

478 3d Avenue 

557 3d Avenue 

605 3d Avenue 

40 Franklin 

.39 Elm 

66 W. Broadway , 

7 Harnson 

93 Elm 

165 Avenue A 

353 Greenwich 

1 Lispenard 

1.39 W. Broadway 

97 W. Broadway 

16 York 

33 Leonard 

1.33 Greenwich 

26 Rector 

145 Greenwich 

135 Liberty 

151 Washington 

91 Greenwich 

19 Albany 

Carlisle and Washington. 

8 Morris 

12 Greenwich 

28 Greenwich 

40 Greenwich 

4 Morris 

29 Washington 

71 Washington 

24 Morris 

401 E. 18th Street 

343 1st Avenue 

303 1st Avenue 

220 1st Avenue 

275 1st Avenue 

402 2d Avenue 

318 E. 22d Street 

407 E. 19th Street 

206 Avenue A 

224 Avenue A 

512 E. 15th Street 

227 E. 21st Street 

361 2d Avenue 

258 Avenue A 

273 Avenue A 

323 Avenue A 

231 Avenue B 

546 E. 11th Street 

509 E. lllh Street 



F. Ebinger .' I 149 Avenue A.. 



1.012 

1.018 

1.020 

1.014 

1.018 

1.020 

1.015 

1.020 

1.014 

1.014 

1.015 

1.015 

1.015 

1.012 

1.015 

1.015 

1.015 

1.015 

1.010 

1.013 

1.020 

1.010 

1.013 

1.013 

1.015 

1.013 

1.015 

1.015 

1.019 

1.015 

1.035 

1.013 

1.028 

1.022 

1.026 

1.022 

1.026 

1.023 

1.025 

1.033 

1.024 

1.025 

1.034 

1.025 

1.020 

1.022 

1.025 

1.020 

1.031 

1.034 

1.023 

1.016 

1.020 

1.015 

1.022 

1.018 

1.021 

1.030 

1.020 

1.023 

1.025 

1.030 

1.018 

1.024 

1.021 

1.023 

1.024 

1.020 

1.031 

1.023 

1.015 

1.019 

1.020 

1.018 

1.016 



44 

63 

70 

50 

63 

70 

53 

70 

50 

50 

53 

53 

53 

44 

53 

53 

53 

53 

37 

47 

70 

37 

44 

47 

53 

47 

53 

53 

66 

53 

86 

63 

96 

76 

90 

76 

90 

76 

86 

76 

83 

86 

83 

66 

70 

76 

86 

70 

73 

83 

80 

56 

70 

53 

76 

03 

73 

70 

70 

76 

86 

70 

63 

83 

73 

80 

83 

70 

83 

80 

53 

66 

70 

63 

56 



92.61 

91.14 

90.70 

92.26 

91.48 

89.70 

92.77 

92.76 

92.60 

92.92 

91.46 

92.04 

93.31 

94.17 

93.43 

91.80 

91.80 

93.35 

93.41 

91.85 

88.98 

93.03 

93.08 

93.39 

90.83 

91.95 

91.13 

91.00 

90.35 

91.40 

89.73 

89.31 

88.53 

88.87 

89.10 

90.08 

89.10 

90.08 

88.80 

90.68 

89.33 

88.00 

88.63 

88.02 

90.77 

89.30 

89.84 

90.33 

91.29 

88.40 

87.80 

UXA 

89.87 

91.56 

88.95 

91.53 

88.53 

90.67 

89.84 

89.11 

89.74 

89.42 

90.01 

88.93 

90.28 

89.18 

88.97 

89.53 

88.07 

89.11 

90.51 

90.18 

89.10 

90.47 

89.99 



c -fa 



7.39, 
8.86 
9.30 
7.74 
8.52 
10.30 
7.33 
7.34 
7.40 
7.08 
8.54 
7.96 
7.69 
5.83 
6.57 
8.30 
8.20 
7.05 
6.59 
8.15 
11.03 
6.97 
6.93 
7.71 
9.18 
8.05 
8.87 
9.00 
9.05 
8.60 
10.27 
10.69 
11.47 
11.13 
10.90 
9.92 
10.90 
9.92 
11 .2J 
9.33 
10.68 
12.00 
11.37 
11.98 
9.23 
10.70 
10.16 
9.C7 
8.71 
11.60 
13.30 
8.46 
10.13 
8.44 
11.05 
8.47 
11.47 
9..33 
10.16 
10.89 
10.26 
10.58 
9.99 
11.07 
9.72 
10.83 
11.03 
10.47 
11.93 
10.89 
9.49 
9.S3 
10.90 
9.53 
10.01 



10 



MilTc Examinations — {ContiniieiV). 



DEALER. 


ADDRESS. 


>> 

1 
O 
o 
<d 
'3 

(D 

o. 


i| 
=1 

II 


O -1-3 

n 


1st 

■gofi 

Eh 




286 E. 10th Street 


1.020 
1.023 
1.017 
1.020 
1.021 
1.023 
1.025 
1.023 
1.021 
1.024 
1.021 
1.024 
1.021 
1.022 
1.024 
1.023 
1.025 
1.024 
1.021 
1.024 


70 
80 
60 
70 
73 
80 
86 
80 
73 
83 
73 
83 
73 
76 
83 
80 
86 
83 
73 
83 


89.71 
38.45 
90.41 
88.47 
S9.71 
89.92 
89.28 
90.07 
90.00 
89.07 
89.66 
89.48 
90.21 
90.41 
88.59 
89.79 
89.48 
89.49 
90.78 
89.63 


10.29 


p Lahr 


341 E. 10th Street 


11.55 




352 E. 10th Street 


9.59 


A Ritz 


191 E. Tth Street 


11.53 


William Reis 


410 E. 6th Street 


10.29 




433 E. 6th Street 


10.08 




437 E. 6th Street 


10.72 


C D Schupp 


502 E. 6th Street 


9.93 




507 E. 6th Street 


10.00 


C Hitzel 


520 E. 5th Street 


10.93 




203 E. 4th Street 


10.34 




154 E. 4th Street 


10.52 




41 Avenue A 


9.79 




102 E. 3d Street 


9.59 


3 Weber 


193 E. 3cl Street 


11.41 


Chris Silz 


32 Avenue B 


10.21 




166 E. 3d Street 


10.52 


G Deible 


212 E. 3d Street 


10.51 




152 E. 3d Street 


9.22 




5 Clinton Street 


10.47 












1.0208 


72.45 


89.89 


10.11 









Third Series of Analyses. — During the last four montlis of the year, a series 
of more elaborate analyses was undertaken, with a view to determine the per- 
centao'es of some of the individual constituents of the milk. Thirty-five 
samples were examined, and the results, which are herewith presented in tabular 
f jrm, establish the fact that — 

1. The cream averaged 7.89 per cent., ranging from 5.20 to 11.80 per cent. 

2. The percentage of pure milk, as shown by the galactomcter, averaged 
82.44, varying from 50 to 112. 

3. The butter averaged 3.03 per cent., varying from 1.81 to 3.76. 

4. The casein and milk-sugar together averaged 6.46 per cent., ranging from 
4.16 to 9.02. 

5. The saline and earthy constituents averaged 0.59 per cent., varying from 
0.39 to 0.87 per cent. 

0-. The total solids averaged 10.08 per cent., ranging from 6.73 to 12.32 
per cent. 

7. The water averaged 89.92 per cent., ranging from 87.68 to 93.27 per 
cent. 

8. No adulteralion was found in any case save water. 



11 



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12 



Fourth Series of Analyses. — During the month of April, the attention of the 
Board having been called to the crowded condition of some of the large cow- 
stables in the Metropolitan District, the Sanitary Superintendent, Dr. Harris, 
was directed to make an investigation. It was found on examination that, 
although the stables were over-crowded, dark, and damp, and deficient in ven- 
tilation, the animals generally presented a good appearance. 

Seven samples of milk were collected and submitted to analysis, with the 
following results : 





Water. 


Butter. 


Casein and 
Sugar. 


Salts. 


No. 1 


90.00 
89.02 

88.88 
88.18 
88.09 
88.48 
89.20 


1.31 
2.16 
2.41 
2.54 
2.32 
1.51 
0.84 


8.00 
8.10 
7.62 
8.50 
8.75 
9.20 
9.19 


0.69 


" 2 


0.72 


" 4 


0.79 

0.78 


" 5 


0.84 


" 6 


0.81 


" 7 


0.77 






Average 


88.85 
86.00 


1.87 
3.90 


8.48 
9.30 


0.77 


Healthy Milk 


0.80 







It appears that the milk of these cows is specially deficient in butter, though 
it is in every respect poorer than the milk of healthy covrs. No other indica- 
tions of disease could be detected in the Biilk, 

The blood of three of these cows was also analyzed, with the following re- 
sults — the 4th column is an analysis of healthy blood : 





1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


Water 


799.81 
4.91 

104.90 

81.10 

0.95 

8.33 

1,000.00 


801.35 

5.94 

69.37 

101.13 
3.68 
8.53 

1,000.00 


843.12 

7.63 

85.22 

51.33 

6.40 

6.30 

1,000.00 


779.06 


Fibrin 


4.39 


Albumen 


60.02 


Corpuscles 


146.50 


Extractive 


3.20 


Soluble Salts 


7.01 








1,000.00 



The blood of the confined cows is strikingly deficient in red corpuscles, and 
contains fi'om two to six per cent, more water than the healthy blood. It is thus 
seen that, while these cows present a fair appearance, they are not in a soimd, 
healthy condition ; and, though analysis may fail to detect any specific poison, 
such milk cannot be considered healthy food. 

CONCLUSION. 

This investigation establishes the fact that the citizens of the Metropolitan 
District are generally receiving milk which is free from injurious adulterations, 
and untainted wuth disease. 

Nevertheless, a fraud is perpetrated upon them in the systematic dilution of 
the milk with water. The average percentage of pure milk in the adulterated 



^ 



13 

article with which the city is supphed, is 73.28 ; or, in other words, for every 
three quarts of pure milk there is added one quart of water. It was stated at 
the Convention of Milk Producers aud Dealers, held at Crotou Falls, iu March, 
1870, that the total amount of milk supplied to the cities of New York and 
Brooklyn from the surrounding country was about 120,000,000 quarts per 
annum. To reduce this to the quality of our city supply, requires an addition 
of 40,000,000 quarts of water, which, at ten cents per quart, costs us the snug 
sum of $4,000,000 annually, or about |12,000 per day. 

I have been aided in this investigation by W. H. Chandler, M. Alsberg, 
Ph. D., and H. Endemaun, Ph. D. 

Very respectfully, yours, 

C. F. CHANDLER, Ph. D., 
Chemist to the Metropolitan Board of Health, 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

iillll'lll!!ll!l!!l!ll!i;!ir!i;illlili;liliiiiiiiiiiii 



000 896 055 



